![]() ![]() It also laid the ground for the problems of the 20th century, chief among them being the “national question. All three processes worked in tandem: the end of the Zämänä Mäsafə nt created a strong centralized state such a state succeeded in nipping in the bud the colonial invasions of Egypt and Italy and the successes of the agär maqnat campaigns added to the overall strength of the country. Mənilək’s territorial conquests in the south further strengthened the state, garnering vast human and material resources that played a critical role in the Ethiopian victory at the Battle of Adwa. It enabled consolidating the power of the regional lords under the emperor, which in turn played a critical role in confronting Egypt and Italy’s colonial intrusions in the late 19th century. The end of the Zämänä Mäsafə nt was a key factor in centralizing state power in the hands of the emperors of Ethiopia. These three distinct, yet related, processes laid the foundations for the making of modern Ethiopia. Ras Alula successfully led many battles for the independence of Abyssinia: I. The history of Ethiopia during the 19th century involved three fundamental processes: (1) the Zämänä Mäsafə nt (Era of Princes) and its coming to an end under Kassa Häylu, later Emperor Tewodros II (2) the repeated attempts by Egypt and Italy to colonize Ethiopia, culminating in the Battle of Adwa on Maand (3) Mənilək’s territorial expansion and conquest of what is now southern Ethiopia during the last quarter of the 19th century in campaigns known as agär maqnat. Ras Alula, the first African General and the greatest war hero, Europeans referred to him as 'the Garibaldi of Abyssinia'.
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